A holistic approach to combat identification and Commander Commander Edward Adam Wojack OSPITAL
Author: Edward OSPITAL
Fighting Identification (CDI) is the process to achieve a good description of the detected objects (friends, enemies or neutral) in the municipality of battle, to the extent that high confidence, timely application of military options and weapons resources can occur. combat identification is due to the demand of a family of situational awareness and target identification capability, and adherence to doctrine, unit tactics, techniques and procedures (TTP), and adopted the rules of engagement (ROE), which directly support a combatant shoot / no shoot decisions to detect objects in their struggle. The objective of CID is the drive to improve the combat effectiveness at the same time to avoid fratricide and minimize collateral damage. CID is the process by which the shooters or using sensors to identify entities on the battlefield before you call / don 't shoot decisions. IDC, the Warfighter uses all means available to classify entities on the battlefield before the application of power or the effects of fires. The aim is to enable the Warfighter to maximize the effects of the deadly fire at the enemy, the while reducing or eliminating the effects of fire on friendly or neutral personnel, equipment or facilities. While IDC is a complex set of systems, procedures and doctrine, when it is effective, simple and transparent. When it is ineffective, its results can be tragic and catastrophic. A recent example of the "links" of the chain CID (family systems [ "View" of the entity] + Training [ "Identifier" entity] Doctrine + / PTT / ORE [ "commit" entity]) was broken in the global war on terrorism is highly publicity Pat Tillman incident.
Fratricide in Afghanistan
While patrolling in an area infested with Taliban in Afghanistan Patktia province, the 2nd Battalion, 75 Ranger Regiment, is stalled due to the rupture of a HMMWV. The segment of the group out with Pat Tillman, Series 1, adopted by a gun and was near its northern end. The other segment, Serial 2, changed travel plans due to poor road conditions that hinder the recovery of a fracture HMMWV towed by a vehicle purchased locally. Series 2 was introduced into the canyon toward the south. Series 2 will not have the ability to communicate their situation and change the path to 1 series terrain. Upon entering the canyon, Series 2 is mortar and small arms The Taliban fighters in Afghanistan. Rangers from the series 1 first heard the explosion that preceded the attack. CPL Tillman and two other fire team leaders were ordered to head of the attackers. The canyon walls prevented radio their positions to their colleagues, as well as the number 2 radio has not changed his plans. CPL Tillman moved north-south to face the canyon ridge. The light was dimming. "It was like the twilight," one of the Rangers in the fight recalled. "You can not see colors, but you could see the silhouettes. "Another Ranger estimated that the fire was" very good. "A sergeant of Tillman on the ridge that" was see the enemy of high mountains to the north. I could see their muzzle flashes. "The Taliban guerrillas nearly half a mile away. Tillman took another Ranger and an Afghan ally the slope in a position where he could engage the enemy, "said Sgt. A nearby Ranger Tillman seemed safer." I remember not liking his position, and I see a red marker is placed above us … immediately what I as a marker M240 … At that time the question of friendship has begun to convert fire in my mind. 2 shots in the series near the ridge, the gunners poured a hail of hundreds of rounds of indiscipline in the area Tillman and other members of Series 1 were carried out. The first was killed in Afghanistan, Rangers 2 in a series of confused fighting the Taliban. Under fire, Tillman and almost a dozen others on the ridge, "one shouted, who waved his arms and cried more. "Tillman used a smoke grenade to mark his position and continued firing for a few moments. Rangers 1 in the series that participation was more and got up from his position. The HMMWV and then a shooting advantage, the second murder Tillman compromise. To use this example to explain more tragic CID, must first understand its basic formula: situation awareness (SA) + Target Identification (TI) Combat ID = (CID.)
Combating ID: The process of achieving accurate characterization detected objects (friends, enemies, neutrals) in the common struggle, because with great confidence, timely application of military options and weapons resources can occur (CID MA ICD). Identification by anti-Demand a family of situational awareness and target identification capability, and adherence to the doctrine, the unity of TTP, and approved list of experts that directly supports a combatant of the "shoot / no shoot" decision to detect objects in their struggle.
The fighting efficiency (compared to Combating ID) capacity drive a friend to order quickly and accurately and to describe the objects detected in the battle space to allow the implementation appropriate as a measure against fires and effects against an enemy force or target (destroy, neutralize, eliminate or interrupt) with the lowest risk of death, injury or damage to friendly and neutral forces, institutions, facilities and equipment ((Prevention of fratricide and collateral damage) definition of traditional medicine china PBC / CID).
Situational awareness (SA) SA is a sign of friendship (blue), enemy (red), neutral and unknown entities usually appears on a computer screen or manually on a map. For the judicial police, only to describe SA with respect to automation and information systems using C2/SA. There are three main features of SA – the accuracy and timeliness of reporting, the density of blue position, location, information (PLI) generators and interoperability of friendly forces C2/SA combat systems in affected countries. SA is sent and appears in two places, operational Common Picture (COP) located in command posts and C2 for the vehicle / aircraft / C2/SA soldier viewing platform for C2 and combat ID purposes. This directly supports shoot / no-decisions by gunmen on Human and proximity sensors of enemy forces on the battlefield.
When the unit of SA CPL Tillman lost his subordinate, when the elements are interrelated, the situation has deteriorated: two allied forces converge on another, without communication. Several systems have prevented this loss of SA in the Ranger Tillman element. An FBCB2 / Blue Force Tracker (GPS-fed, transported or C2/SA the system) would have the capacity of all elements of a visual representation of where they mounted and dismounted friendly forces, assuming of course that all vehicles elements involved and walking equipment. Know where the blue are the entities in the Battle in combination with the right combination of systems for identification of the objectives of vehicle permit from the direction of his team served weapons firing on enemy targets, to avoid the use of friendly forces.
Aim Identification (TI): TI is the process for determining membership (blue, red, neutral), to detect objects at the time of participation in combat immediately. This is usually performed in the line of sight and visual range is the application of combat power against the effects of fires or the entities or enemy targets while avoiding fratricide and minimize collateral damage. There are two categories of AI – cooperative target identification (STI) and that are not subject to identification of Cooperation (NCTC). CTI includes any method or material that allows a human shooter / sensor "interview or question "a potential target, and allows the potential target of" answer or answers to "the interrogator in a timely manner. Air-to-air and land-use systems air IFF (identification friend or foe) Mode 4, and ground to ground in the near future, the use of ID in May of the target device the battlefield (DTIB) On the basis of identification and combat radius (RBCI) CTI systems. Identify friend or foe (IFF) is inappropriate because none of the technologies identified CTI Foe, Your friend or stranger Identifier (IDU) entities. NCTI involves methods or systems that exploit the physical characteristics of the entities in the battle to help identify and determine the relationship, and requires no response or a cooperative response from the target. NCTI include optical systems (forward-looking infrared [FLIR], NVGs and prismatic), makes of vehicles and staff (Systems Board Combat identification mark [JCIMS], which include the battle groups ID [PIC] Thermal ID panels [TIP], Phoenix labels [infrared lights lights] and dismantled the fight against the system of identification marking [DCIM-(TIP panel is mounted on a Kevlar helmet, which gives an opposite polarity through a FLIR device), and automatic target recognition (ATR) devices. JCIMS signaling systems are used in conjunction with optical and FLIR night-vision goggles-friendly and to assist in the identification at the time appointment.
In this example, the number 2 (or the package for the case) does not view correctly. Thermal places HMMWV mounted crew served weapons (or AN/PAS-13s enhanced night vision goggles (ENVG), for example) in combination with reverse polarity and / or thermal ballistic helmet covers all soldiers walk have turret gunners to identify the number 1 in Rangers friendly entities. Technology combined with the recurrence of TTP to avoid fratricide and adherence to the list could have prevented the accident. Each "link" at the base of the chain broke. Tillman, the NCTC that have benefited from other devices such as infrared (IR) beacons for limited visibility operations (see paragraph AN/PVS-7B/D or PVS-14 night vision goggles that each soldier is now published) or a light visible strobe days. CTI as a technology services to the ground floor of the zones (one platform to another platform Soldier, soldier Soldier, Soldier of the platform) was an additional tool at the time of appointment, they have identified two groups known as friends. Unfortunately, CTI technology directly into the fire [the battlefield identification of the target device DTIB)] which is now recommended for acquisition strategy U.S. Army USMC scope of services and platform to platform and interrogates only the objectives of the M1, M2/M3, and Stryker vehicles.
Tillman in the example, even if it is replaced by the HMMWV armored vehicles equipped with DTIB, fratricide may have taken place since DTIB not working within the platform of a soldier in the field. This weakness in the CID "link" does not allow the shooter to obtain an identification (PID) of landed the unknown entity. In the example, in series, in turn, beaten 2 times the second ( "ID") and third links ( "Shoot / No Shoot") The rules of engagement are not satisfied with the shooting of the crew, the crew served weapons in the HMMWV and positive identification (PID) has been developed element of the kitchen. In addition, a TTP (ie, Granada smoke signal) has not been established or training prior to hiring (or not covered by the undertaking) as a sign of a ceasefire in the case of friendly fire. The shooting platform number 2 could have used other procedures to avoid fratricide: transmission of the location the unknown of another element (eg higher headquarters) for PID, by maneuvering into a position to benefit PID can acquire and use the project DIDE (detect, identify, decide, engage and assess) Public participation process (see later in this article).
In this highly publicized incident, highly trained Rangers were placed in a situation that has the CID and the ability of the family in the heat of the inability to properly implement procedures for training and performance equity. The end result is a decision that led to a fatal incident fratricide.
Better the ability of the ability of a judicial police service to several areas of CTI technology has increased since Operation Desert Storm (SAO). Fratricide studies have shown a 25% increase in "platform as a soldier" and an increase in cases of "Soldier Soldier" 10% of incidents of the recent major combat operations in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF.) Both CTI technology recently approved the acquisition strategy no attempt to fill this gap, or CID. DTIB services that the domain of one platform to another (M1, M2/M3, and Stryker LRAS3) or based on identification of radio battle (RBCI) touches the ground floor and basement areas of air and close air support indirect perspective. None of these technologies directly address the "platform Soldier" and "Soldier Soldier" areas. Whatever CTI technology is used, the battle has not yet taken the final decision whether to bind the entity to the unknown, on the basis of blue, red or state neutrality. Once determined, the fighter must incorporate the criteria for return on equity, and restrictions on his throwing / No shoot "decision. Positive visual identification (PID) of the entity to determine if it is a legitimate military objective must be verified. There is no technology identifying friend or foe (IFF). CTI technology only to identify friend or unknown (IDU). CTI technology should not be used as the sole criterion for action because of its mechanical or electronic in nature or due to enemy action (against electronic countermeasures [ECM]) that can CTI technology make it. Additionally, the service part (whether by design or default system) technology, CTI has been shown to increase fratricide, not decrease, as the teams based on technology as the sole criterion for whether or not to hire a stranger.
A comprehensive orientation process under the doctrine / TTP / ORE ( "Shoot / No Shoot") in the CID link project is known as the process direction to detect, identify, decide, engage and assess (DIDE). A review of the literature indicates that there are several processes associated with participation target. Department of Defense Joint Publication 3-60 identifies six stages orientation process, "detect, locate, identify, decide, to strike, and evaluate. "U.S. Army FM 3-09.12 outlines the generic four-stage process guidance:" To detect, decide, deliver, and evaluate. "multi-service for time-sensitive target called TTP Find, fix, Track, Target, participate, assess, has been developed to support the exercise of Operation Iraqi Freedom. As found in 2004 Army Navy Corps Council basement floor (AMCB GG) study the problem of each of these processes is that the CID and ORE implied tasks are integrated into a stage of implementation. The "shoot / no shoot" decision of the incorporation of rules of engagement is not the official program of ongoing professional military education, which leads to another break in the "Links" in the chain of CID. As a recruitment process, providing DIDE an iterative process, standardized and systematic support of the application and specific performance CID ORE lethal to the orientation of the whole spectrum of users (of Infantryman by indirect fire controllers and beyond). DIDE is sufficiently generic to be used as a systematic process of C2 node for planning and decision making. This process should be integrated into the doctrine of a reference for education professional military. The performances of the procedure are summarized below DIDE.
Detect – the acquisition and location of an object in space battle. The first step in the hiring process can lead to target the use of imagery, RADAR, the measurement of electronic signals or other means to detect and locate objects in the battlespace. Identify – in support of a systematic classification of objects detected as a friend, enemy or neutral. This is the first step which specifies the tasks to IDC. Starts after an object is detected and located and offers a systematic process by which attributes an object is detected systematically addressed in support of a friend, enemy or neutral determination. Determined – the determination of the application appropriate military options and weapons resources on the identified objects. This is the more generic step in the process and is the first stage which is expected to take place ORE application. Sub-stages of the Decide phase vary with the weapon system or platform and the mission of the application. (Rupture of the indirect fire radio / CAS delivered munitions and the platform of the soil surface in areas at risk must be taken into account in this step because the proximity of friendly and neutral entities). In some cases, the decision was made in May to use other options to military weapon systems (ie, repositioning more ISR assets tracking unidentified objects, etc.). In Where a weapon of enforcement resources is considered, at this stage is primarily to answer the following questions: 1) Can I rent (ROE application)? 2) If several targets that are involved in the first place (the seriousness of the threat, the commander of the intent / high pay-off targets, targets of high value.) 3) What is the best weapon system to engage with (lethal or non lethal ammunition fact, the co-lateral damage assessment)? Participate – an application specific military options and weapons resources. In this step, the mechanical process of implementing the decision taken at the previous step took place. Assess — has requested resources provide weapons effect. In this step, we evaluated the effects of the commitment phase (battle damage assessment) to desired results. If the result was not reached, the decision to undertake the new goal could be done.
DIDE serve as an objective requirement the process of commitment and support to include certain features of the CID and ROE training standards and curricula. Different platforms DIDE subsets and applications in the process to the process and applications of this mission platform.vi]
A solution CID has progressed since the Tillman incident. On the recommendation of the CID AMCB GG studies, training, doctrine and combat development division at Fort Knox, Kentucky, with the assistance of the manager of the platform capacity Tradoc Battle Command / Combat Identification (TCM PBC / CID) and Tradoc Centers, select a provider in March 2006 to address problems related to the incorporation doctrine in the Army CID. CID doctrine will be developed for inclusion in the U.S. Army 3.90 FM, tactics (date: July 4, 2001) that explains how to increase the efficiency battle in the fight against the criteria of identification, including but not limited to, HS, TI, TTP and ROE. The IDC will focus on the contribution of Sol-sol (A platform to another platform Soldier, Soldier Soldier, "" Soldier of the platform "), air-land (rotary wing aircraft platform and a platform soldier drones member), air and ground mission areas.
Filming of the doctrine will be updated to combat identification requirements to include, without limitation, the inclusion of friends, allies / coalition objective and neutral and sophistication of the processes of direct involvement in fire goals. Current manual of photography for Armor / Cavalry, infantry, artillery, air defense and aviation will be reviewed to identify gaps in the CID of tasks related to the treatment. This doctrine is the brigade's combat heavy equipment (HBCT), including armor, infantry, firing mortars, engineers and CASCOM and should be used as a model for the Team to Combat Brigade Infantry (IBCT) and Team Stryker Combat Brigade (SBCT) manuals. The doctrinal effort will take approximately 12 months to complete following the opening in March 2006. This initiative will strengthen Doctrine / TTP / ORE ( "Commit or not do)," link "of the SA + IT channel.
Improved family systems (FBCB2/JBC-P, Optics, 2 / 3 GENFLIR, JCIMS) allowing the sensor-shooter kill chain "to see the best goal of the entity may be enhanced by the acquisition of CTI that all services of ground floor and occupy areas of land with the mission of airspace, as RBCI. CTI Future systems that run a strategy acquisition is to serve the largest possible quantity of CID areas fully our shortcomings.
Fratricide incidents during operations stabilization in Iraq and are committed by platforms other than armor. A system like DTIB no positive impact on these incidents. Acquisition of technology services CTI that all areas of strengthening the family system (see Entity ") link at the bottom of the equation. Until the time and place of the doctrine or the facility outside of mitigation are in place (as identified and funded the study AMCB GG) fratricides across the full range of operations is likely to continue.
The fog of war and the human factor is the total elimination of fratricide impossible. Tire and "muscle memory" (the ability of the crew to perform exercises / Exercises to combat under conditions of stress, ie, fire control, fire control systems handling change) training is a necessity lethal to maintain crews and soldiers, and it is necessary to protect the force fratricide. The operating environment of the units the need for a contemporary purpose of discrimination competencies for all soldiers, trained under the DIDE shoot / no call orientation process. This level of training based on sound principles of doctrinal the Warfighter perfect stop at the point of compromise. family system and doctrine related to the improvement of the improvement of training (recognition fighting vehicles (ROC-V), and realistic simulations ranges of blue, red and neutral targetry shoot / no-decision) allows the soldier to make better decisions about whether to call a stranger. The soldier must be able to ask if you doubt whether or not to take: (1) Am I or my friends in danger? (2) What is the worst that can happen if you press the trigger? (3) Am I sure, my target is hostile?
There is no "magic bullet" solution to stop all incidents of fratricide. Emphasis should be placed on improving the density of the SA and inventory systems in the Army, the preparation of fighters across the spectrum of operations and acquisition technology services of CTI in all areas of the earth to ground the mission area. This can be done through an IDC research objective and to strengthen each link in the CID (SA + IT [Family formation systems Doctrine + + / PTT / ORE]) chain. It is imperative that we make every effort to prevent unfortunate incidents Tillman fratricide as they occur in the future.
For About the author:
Combating major Edward identification OSPITAL is the head of the Branch Manager capabilities of the platform Tradoc Battle Command / Combat Identification (TCM PBC / CID), in Ft. Knox, KY. He is a distinguished military 1989 graduate of California State University Sacramento ROTC program and an MBA. He graduated from the OCB Armor, Armor of the race course, the Ranger School, a school board, 2ID Sniper School, Scout Leader's Course, and the acquisition of basic courses. Great Ospitale served in various civil and Armor / Cavalry command and staff positions in the continental United States, Korea and Germany.
Adam N. Wojack CPT is the S3 plans officer for the 2nd "Dagger" Brigade Combat Team of the 1st Infantry Division at Camp Liberty, Iraq. He was a distinguished military graduate of the U.S. Army Officer Candidate School in 1997 and commander of Alpha Company, the 1st-26th Infantry in Schweinfurt, Germany. He has a BA in English from Baruch College in New York and held various management positions and personnel in Iraq, Kosovo, Germany, Hawaii, Fort Campbell, Panama and Korea.
Item Source: ArticlesBase.com – Title = "A comprehensive approach to combat identification and Commander Commander Edward Adam Wojack OSPITAL"> A comprehensive approach to combat identification Maj by Maj Edward and Adam Wojack OSPITAL
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